Vocabulary:
Principle 1: Effective Teachers Understand How Students Learn
- Quality literacy instruction is made up of a good balance of teacher-centered and student-centered theories.
Behaviorism: Theory that focuses mainly on observable and measurable parts of students’ behavior.
- Teacher-centered
Constructivism: Knowledge is constructed by the learner themselves.
- Student-centered theory
- “Learning occurs when students integrate new information with their existing knowledge” (p.7)
- Teachers provide experiences as an opportunity for learners to construct new knowledge.
Schema Theory: How students learn
- Hearing a familiar topic+learning more about it=added to schema (Mental filing cabinet)
Inquiry Learning: Students are curious; actively, they seek to create their own knowledge.
- Collaboration aids learning more than competition.
Engagement Theory: Engaged learners are those who are intrinsically motivated.
- These students have the confidence that they will succeed; they are resilient and persistent through obstacles.
- Students are more engaged in nurturing, collaborative classrooms.
Sociolinguistics: Language is used to organize thoughts.
- A cycle:
- Teacher provides opportunities during instruction for students to verbalize what they are learning.
- Small groups, pairs; students accomplish greater tasks when working with adults.
- Instruction should focus on ZPD
- Gradually, support is withdrawn once student is able to perform task independently.
- Teacher provides opportunities during instruction for students to verbalize what they are learning.
Information Processing: How information moves through processing units as it is stored.
- Sensory
- Register
- Short-term memory
- Long -term memory
Principle 2: Effective Teachers Support Students’ Use of the Cueing system
- There are 4 cueing systems
- Sound (phonological)
- Structural (syntactic)
- Meaning (semantic)
- Social and Cultural (pragmatic)
- Make communication possible
Phonological System: English sounds system (Application example: Pronouncing words, dividing words into syllables)
- 44 sounds
- 500 ways to spell them
- Sounds-Phonemes
- Letter Combos-Graphemes
- Phonological awareness-Awareness of sound structure of words
- Phonemic awareness-orally manipulating phonemes in words
- Phonics-Phoneme/Grapheme correspondence
Syntactic System: English structural organization system (Application example: Combining sentences, compound words, punctuation)
- Syntax-Grammar of sentence
- Morpheme-Smallest meaningful unit of language
- Free morpheme-Can stand alone as a word
- Bound morpheme-Must be attached to free morpheme
Semantic System: Meaning system of English ( Application example: Learning the meaning of words)
- Focuses on vocab
- Homonyms-Words that sound the same but are spelled differently
Pragmatic System: English system that offers language choices (social & cultural)
- Function-Purpose of using language
Principle 3: Effective Teachers Create a Community of Learners
- Classroom community should feel safe, respectul, motivating, etc.
- Partnership between teachers and students
Principle 4: Effective Teachers Adopt a Balanced Approach to Instruction
Common Core Standards: Knowledge students are expected to learn at each grade level
- Reading Strand: Foundational Skills, Literature, and Informational Texts
- Writing Strand: Writing Process and Narratives
- Speaking and Listening Strand: Mastery of Oral Language
- Language Strand: Applying grammar, vocabulary, standard English conventions to oral and written presentations
Balanced Approach: Instruction that’s based on comprehensive view of literacy
- Combines explicit instruction, guided practice, collaborative learning, independent reading and writing
- Components:
- Comprehension
- Content area study
- Literacy strategies and skills
- Literature
- Oral language
- Phonemic awareness and phonics
- Reading
- Spelling
- Vocabulary
- Writing
Classroom Application
So far this chapter, a certain concept that was discussed has really stuck with me. The idea that teachers need to understand how students learn in order to be effective makes so much sense to me. Going along with that, I really enjoyed reading about the schema theory.
Macy Bombard- ENGED Blog 
Great job on your first blog post. The post meets all of the requirements!
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Yay! Thank you!
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